Hyperbole

                                   

                                     Semantic 

By   : Novita sari  ( 1488203035 )

Class : IV. B

Lecturer : Budi Hamuddin M.ESL

                      “ H y p e r b o l e “

               

Definition of Hyperbole

     Hyperbole, derived from a Greek word meaning “over-casting” is a figure of speech, which involves anexaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.

    It is a device that we employ in our day-to-day speech. For instance, when you meet a friend after a long time, you say, “Ages have passed since I last saw you”. You may not have met him for three or four hours or a day, but the use of the word “ages” exaggerates this statement to add emphasis to your wait.  Therefore, a hyperbole is an unreal exaggeration to emphasize the real situation. Some other common Hyperbole examples are given below.

Common Examples of Hyperbole

         •           My grandmother is as old as the hills.

         •           Your suitcase weighs a ton!

         •           She is as heavy as an elephant!

         •           I am dying of shame.

         •           I am trying to solve a million issues these days.

      It is important not to confuse hyperbole with simile and metaphor. It does make a comparison but unlikesimile and metaphor, hyperbole has a humorous effect created by an overstatement.

Let us see some examples from Classical English literature in which hyperbole was used successfully.

Hyperbole Examples from Literature

Example #1

     In American folk lore, Paul Bunyan’s stories are full of hyperboles. In one instance, he exaggerates winter by saying:

“Well now, one winter it was so cold that all the geese flew backward and all the fish moved south and even the snow turned blue. Late at night, it got so frigid that all spoken words froze solid afore they could be heard. People had to wait until sunup to find out what folks were talking about the night before.”

Freezing of the spoken words at night in winter and then warming up of the words in the warmth of the sun during the day are examples of hyperbole that have been effectively used by Paul Bunyan in this short excerpt.

Example #2

From William Shakespeare’s “Macbeth”, Act II, Scene II,

“Neptune’s ocean wash this blood

Clean from my hand? No. This my hand will rather

The multitudinous seas incarnadine,

Making the green one red.”

Macbeth, the tragic hero, feels the unbearable prick of his conscience after killing the king. He regrets his sin and believes that even the oceans of the greatest magnitude cannot wash the blood of the king off his hands. We can notice the effective use of hyperboles in the given lines.

Example #3

From W.H Auden’s poem “As I Walked One Evening”,

I’ll love you, dear, I’ll love you

Till China and Africa meet,

And the river jumps over the mountain

And the salmon sing in the street,

I’ll love you till the ocean

Is folded and hung up to dry

The use of hyperbole can be noticed in the above lines. The meeting of China and Africa, the jumping of the river over the mountain, singing of salmon in the street, and the ocean being folded and hung up to be dried are exaggerations not possible in real life.

Example #4

From “The Adventures of Pinocchio” written by C. Colloid,

“He cried all night, and dawn found him still there, though his tears had dried and only hard, dry sobs shook his wooden frame. But these were so loud that they could be heard by the faraway hills…”

The crying of Pinocchio all night until his tears became dry is an example of Hyperbole.

Example #5

From Joseph Conrad’s novel “The Heart of Darkness”,

“I had to wait in the station for ten days-an eternity.”

The wait of ten days seemed to last forever and never end.

Function of Hyperbole

The above arguments make clear the use of hyperbole. In our daily conversation, we use hyperbole to emphasize for an amusing effect. However, in literature it has very serious implications. By using hyperbole, a writer or a poet makes common human feelings remarkable and intense to such an extent that they do not remain ordinary. In literature, usage of hyperbole develops contrasts. When one thing is described with an over-statement and the other thing is presented normally, a striking contrast is developed. This technique is employed to catch the reader’s attention.

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Metonymy and Synecdoche

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.....

                                               ~   METONYMY AND SYNECDOCHE  ~



A ] DEFINITION 0F METONYMY


Metonymy is Figure of speech that replaces the name of thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated.


EXAMPLE OF METONYMY


1.The  pen stands in for the written word.

2.The  sword stands in for military aggression and force.

3.Cup for a mug

4.The  library for the staff or the book.

5.Eyes for sight

6.Hand for help


FUNCTION OF METONYMY


Generally, metonymy is used in developing literary symbolism.It gives more profound meanings the otherwise common ideas and object.


B ] DEFINISI OF SYNECDOCHE


Snyecdote is a literary device in which a part of something represent the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part.


EXAMPLE OF SYNECDOT


1.The word bread refers to food or money as in writing is my bread and butter or sole breadwinner

2.The phrase gray beard refers to an old man

3.The word suits refers to businessmen

4.The  word boots usually refers to soldiers

5.The word glasses refers to spectacles

6.cop pers often refers to coins


FUNCTION OF SYNECDOCHE


By using synecdoche, the writers give otherwise common idea and object deeper meaning and thus draw readersattention.Furthermore, the use of synecdoche help writers to achieve brevity. Like any other literary device , synecdoche when used appropriately adds a distinct color to words making them appear vivid.


DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYNECDOCHE AND METONYMY


Synecdoce examples are often misidentified as metonmy .both may resemble each other to some extant but they are not the same.synecdoche refers to the whole of a thing by the name of any one of parts.for example, calling a car wheels is a synecdoche because a part of car wheels stands for the whole car.

However in metonymy the word we used to describe another thing,but is not necessarily a part of it. For example crown that refers to power or authority is a metonymy used to replace the word king or queen.


REFFERENCE

literarydevices.net/metonymy/

http://literarydevices.net/synecdoche/

examples.yourdictionary.com/examples

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VIDEO PENCERAHAN

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Collocations

                                                              Collocations



What is a collocation?

        A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound "wrong".

Why learn collocations?

Your language will be more natural and more easily understood.
You will have alternative and richer ways of expressing yourself.
It is easier for our brains to remember and use language in chunks or blocks rather than as single words.
How to learn collocations
Be aware of collocations, and try to
recognize them when you see or hear them.
Treat collocations as single blocks of language. Think of them as individual blocks or chunks, and learn strongly support , not strongly + support.
When you learn a new word, write down other words that collocate with it (remember rightly, remember distinctly , remember vaguely, remember vividly).
Read as much as possible. Reading is an excellent way to learn vocabulary and collocations in context and naturally.
Revise what you learn regularly. Practise using new collocations in context as soon as possible after learning them.
Learn collocations in groups that work for you. You could learn them by topic (time, number, weather, money, family) or by a particular
word (take action , take a chance , take an exam ).
You can find information on collocations in any good learner's dictionary. And you can also find specialized dictionaries of collocations.

Types of collocation

     There are several different types of collocation made from combinations of verb, noun, adjective etc. Some of the most common types are:
adverb + adjective: completely satisfied (NOT downright satisfied)
adjective + noun: excruciating pain (NOT excruciating joy)
noun + noun: a surge of anger (NOT a rush of anger)
noun + verb: lions roar (NOT lions
shout )
verb + noun: commit suicide (NOT
undertake suicide)
verb + expression with preposition: burst into tears (NOT blow up in tears)
verb + adverb: wave frantically (NOT wave feverishly


Reference :
https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/collocations.htm

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Synonym, Antonym and Hyponym

1. SYNONYM

Is the state or phenomenon in which the words that sound different, but have the same or identical meaning, as another word or phrase.
Examples:
small - little
big - large
mother and father - parents

2. ANTONYM

Is the state or phenomenon in which the words have the sense relation which involve the opposite of meaning.
Te word pairs of antonym can be divided into several types:
Implicitly Gradable Pairs
Examples:
big - small
good - bad
fast - slow
young - old
Complementary Pairs
Examples:
male - female
alive - dead
present - absent
awake - asleep
Relational Pairs
Examples:
buy - sell
push - pull
command - serve
give - take
teach - learn
master - servant
teacher - pupil
doctor . patient

3. HYPONYM

Is the state or phenomenon that shows the relationship between more general term, ( lexical representation) and the more specific instances for it.
Examples:
The lexical representation of:
red, yellow, green, blue, purple, black is ( color ).
Thus we can say that: " red " is a hyponym of " color " and so on.
Examples:
clarinet, guitar, piano, trumpet, violin, are hyponyms because they are " musical instruments " but there is not a single word

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Simile

Definition

A simile is a figure of speech in which two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly compared, usually in a phrase introduced by like or as.
"The simile sets two ideas side by side," said F.L. Lucas. "[I]n the metaphorthey become superimposed" (Style).(The differences between similes and metaphors are considered in the observations below.)
In everyday conversations as well as in writing and formal speeches, we use similes to clarify ideas, create memorable images, and emphasize key points. "In argument," wrote poet Matthew Prior, "similes are like songs in love: / They much describe; they nothing prove" ("Alma").

• Our soldiers are as brave as lions.
• Her cheeks are red like a rose.
• He is as funny as a monkey.
• The water well was as dry as a bone.
• He is as cunning as a fox.

Simile inputs vividness into what we say. Authors and poets utilize comparisons to convey their sentiments and thoughts through vivid word pictures like a simile.

Simile Examples in Literature

Example #1

Written by Joseph Conrad,

 “I would have given anything for the power to soothe her frail soul, tormenting itself in its invincible ignorance like a small bird beating about the cruel wires of a cage.”

The lines have been taken from Lord Jim. The helplessness of the soul is being compared with a bird in a cage beating itself against the merciless wires of the cage, to be free.

Example #2

In her novel To the Lighthouse, Virginia Woolf compares the velocity of her thoughts about the two men with that of spoken words.

 “. . . impressions poured in upon her of those two men, and to follow her thought was like following a voice which speaks too quickly to be taken down by one’s pencil . . .”

She says both are difficult to follow and cannot be copied in words by a pencil.

Example #3

Taken from a short story Lolita written by Vladimir Nabokov,

 “Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of Pisa.”

This simile produces a humorous effect by comparing old women leaning on walking sticks with the ancient leaning tower of Pisa.

Function of Simile

From the above discussion, we can infer the function of similes both in our everyday life as well as in literature. Using similes attracts the attention and appeals directly to the senses of listeners or readers encouraging their imagination to comprehend what is being communicated. In addition, it inspires life-like quality in our daily talks and in the characters of fiction or poetry. Simile allows readers to relate the feelings of a writer or a poet to their personal experiences. Therefore, the use of similes makes it easier for the readers to understand the subject matter of a literary text, which may have been otherwise too demanding to be comprehended. Like metaphors, similes also offer variety in our ways of thinking and offers new perspectives of viewing the world.

refrence by:

http://literarydevices.net/simile/

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Denotation, connatation and Implication

Denotation, Connotation and Implication

       Denotation is a word's literal meaning. For example, were Juliet to look up the word 'rose' in the dictionary, she would find something like, 'a bush or shrub that produces flowers, usually red, pink, white or yellow in color.' Similarly, street names, like Sistrunk Boulevard or Northeast Sixth Street, tell people where they are and help them get to where they want to go.

      On the other hand, connotation is a word's underlying meanings; it is all the stuff we associate with a word. So, while a rose is indeed a type of flower, we also associate roses with romantic love, beauty and even special days, like Valentine's Day or anniversaries. Connotations go beyond the literal to what we think and feel when we hear or see a word.
So, while Sistrunk Boulevard tells people in Fort Lauderdale where they are (denotation), the name also makes some people feel pride because it honors a well-regarded local figure in the black community (connotation). Others see the name Sistrunk as having negative connotations because of its history of blight and crime. For some in the community, that which we call a rose, by any other name does not smell as sweet.
Examples from Literature
Notice earlier when I said that the two neighborhoods in Fort Lauderdale were divided by railroad tracks? 'The other side of the tracks' is a phrase with both denotative and connotative meanings. The phrase denotes something benign - that you are crossing railroad tracks - but can also have deep cultural and socio-economic connotations.
Railroad tracks often separate more well-off neighborhoods from other less-prosperous neighborhoods. In communities like Fort Lauderdale, the 'other side of the tracks' or the 'wrong side of the tracks' has negative connotations as rundown or unsafe. And, like Sistrunk, these tracks frequently separate one racial group from another, so the phrase can have racial implications as well.
Authors, and poets in particular, choose their words carefully, using connotations as a shorthand to say a lot all at once and give a work of literature an added layer (or layers) of meaning. Take this excerpt from the poem Mending Wall by American poet Robert Frost:
'And on a day we meet to walk the line
And set the wall between us once again.
We keep the wall between us as we go.'
In the poem, the speaker and a neighbor meet to repair their shared stone fence, but the word choice and the connotations those words have, gives the poem meaning beyond the literal. 'Walk the line' denotes the 'practice of walking along and securing a property line,' as both owners do in the poem. However, 'walk the line' also means 'following the rules and doing what is socially accepted. Both men do what they are supposed to do, setting the wall between them.

http://www.google.co.id/url?q=http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/explain-difference-between-denotation-connotation-

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