Idiom

                                                                         Idiom

        An idiom is a word or phrase which means something different from its literal meaning. Idioms are common phrases or terms whose meaning is not real, but can be understood by their popular use.

Because idioms can mean something different from what the words mean it is difficult for someone not very good at speaking the language to use them properly. Some idioms are only used by some groups of people or at certain times. The idiom shape up or ship out, which is like saying improve your behavior or leave if you don't, might be said by an employer or supervisor to an employee, but not to other people.

Idioms are not the same thing as slang. Idioms are made of normal words that have a special meaning known by almost everyone. Slang is usually special words that are known only by a particular group of people

Examples of idioms and idiomatic usage

Idiom: He really went to town on that issue.
Idiomatic usage: He not only went, he apparently hasn't come back yet.

Idiom: That was a curly question.
Idiomatic usage: Yes, so curly it was a learning curve of itself.

Idiom: He's true blue.
Idiomatic usage: Yeah, red and white, too.

Idiom: Now is the winter of our discontent
Idiomatic usage: When are you expecting glorious summer?

Functions of Idioms

       People use idioms to make their language richer and more colorful and to convey subtle shades of meaning or intention. Idioms are used often to replace a literal word or expression, and many times the idiom better describes the full nuance of meaning. Idioms and idiomatic expressions can be more precise than the literal words, often using fewer words but saying more. For example, the expression it runs in the family is shorter and more succinct than saying that a physical or personality trait 'is fairly common throughout one's extended family and over a number of generations.

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Proverb

Proverb

A proverb (from Latin: proverbium) is a simple and concrete saying, popularly known and repeated, that expresses a truth based on common sense or experience. They are often metaphorical. A proverb that describes a basic rule of conduct may also be known as a maxim. Proverbs fall into the category of formulaic language.

Proverbs are often borrowed from similar languages and cultures, and sometimes come down to the present through more than one language. Both the Bible (including, but not limited to the Book of  Proverbs) and medieval Latin (aided by the work of Erasmus) have played a considerable role in distributing proverbs across Europe. Mieder  has concluded that cultures that treat the Bible as their "major spiritual book contain between three hundred and five hundred proverbs that stem from the Bible. However, almost every culture has examples of its own unique proverbs

Example :

·         Haste makes waste

·         A stitch in time saves nine

·         Ignorance is bliss

·         Mustn't cry over spilled milk.

·         You can catch more flies with honey than you can with vinegar.

·         You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink.

·         Those who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.

·         A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

·         Fortune favours the bold

·         Well begun is half done.

·         A little learning is a dangerous thing

·         A rolling stone gathers no moss.

·         It ain't over till the fat lady sings

·         It is better to be smarter than you appear than to appear smarter than you are.

·         Good things come to those who wait.

·         A poor workman blames his tools.

·         A dog is a man's best friend.

·         An apple a day keeps the doctor away

·         If the shoe fits, wear it!

·         Honesty is the best policy

·         Slow and steady wins the race

·         Don't count your chickens before they hatch

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Homonymy, Homophones and Homographs

Homonymy, Homophones and Homographs

1.homonym

A homonym is a word that is said or spelled the same way as another word but has a different meaning. "Write” and “right” is a good example of a pair of  homonyms. Continue reading...

2.homophone

A homophone is a word that sounds the same as another word but has a different meaning and/or spelling. “Flower” and “flour” are homophones because they are pronounced the same but you certainly can’t bake a cake using daffodils.

3.homograph

Use the noun homograph to talk about two words that are spelled the same but have different meanings and are pronounced differently — like "sow," meaning female pig, and "sow," to plant seeds. Continue reading...

Homonyms, homophones and homographs can bring confusion to even adults and teachers! Vocabulary Spelling City can help anyone master these word groups. For clarity, we've brought them all together on one page. It makes it easier to learn the difference among the three types of words using the definitions and homonyms, homophones and homographs examples below

Homonyms	Homophones	Homographs
Multiple meaning words	Words that sound alike	Same spelling, different pronunciation, different meanings
the spruce tree...  to spruce up...	addition for math  edition of a book	desert = abandon  desert = area of land
suit yourself...  wore a suit...	I want to go  I like it too  One plus one is two	bass = fish  bass = instrument
weigh on the scale...  scale the wall...	capitol building  state capital	close = nearby  close = to shut
the price is fair...  go to the fair...	pick a flower  bake with flour	bow = to bend down  bow = ribbon

1.      Homonyms

Homonyms, or multiple meaning words, are words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings. For example, bear.

·         A bear (the animal) can bear (tolerate) very cold temperatures.

·         The driver turned left (opposite of right) and left (departed from) the main road.

Homophones, also known as sound-alike words, are words that are pronounced identically although they have different meanings and often have different spellings as well. These words are a very common source of confusion when writing. Common examples of sets of homophones include: to, too, and two; they're and their; bee and be; sun and son; which and witch; and plain and plane. Vocabulary Spelling City is a particularly useful tool for learning to correctly use and spell the sound alike words.

2.      Homophone

A homophone is one of two or more words that are pronounced the same but differ in their meaning, origin, or spelling. The difference between homographs and homophones is that homophones must be pronounced alike. They don’t need to be spelled alike; in fact, many of them are not. But they need to be pronounced the same.

There are many many examples of homophones. Some are new and knew, carat and caret, complement and compliment, to, too, and two, there, their, and they’re, etc.

To sum up.

• Homonyms can refer to both homographs and homophones.
• Homographs are words that are spelled alike but not always pronounced the same.
• Homophones are words that are pronounced alike but not always spelled the same.

3. Homographs

Homographs are words that are spelled the same, but have different meanings and are often pronounced differently as well. Some examples of homographs are:

·         bass as in fish vs bass as in music

·         bow as in arrow vs bow as in bending or taking a bow at the end of a performance

·         close as in next to vs close as in shut the door

·         desert as in dry climate vs desert as in leaving alone.

Currently, Vocabulary Spelling City cannot distinguish between homographs, as we are unable to have two pronounciations for the exact same word. We are looking for possibilities in the future.

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Polysemy

Polysemy

What is Polysemy ?
     
      Polysemy is the association of one word with two or more distinct meanings.

A polyseme is a word or phrase with multiple meanings.

Adjective: polysemous or polysemic.


In contrast, a one-to-one match between a word and a meaning is called monosemy.

Homonymy is the relation between words with identical forms but different meanings that is, the condition of being homonyms. A stock example is the word bank as it appears in "river bank" and "savings bank."


Homonymy and polysemy both involve one lexical form that is associated with multiple senses and as such both are possible sources of lexical ambiguity. But while homonyms are distinct lexemes that happen to share the same form, in polysemy a single lexeme is associated with multiple senses. The distinction between homonymy and polysemy is usually made on the basis of the relatedness of the senses: polysemy involves related senses, whereas the senses associated with homonymous lexemes are not related.


Examples of polysemy:


Man

1. The human species (i.e., man vs. animal).

2. Males of the human species ( i.e., man vs. woman).

3. Adult males of the human species (i.e., man vs. woman).

This example shows the specific polysemy where the same word is used at different levels of a taxonomy. Example 1 contains 2, and 2 contains 3.

Mole 1. A small burrowing mammal.
2. Consequently, there are several different entities called moles. Although these refer to different      things, there names derive from 1. :e.g. A mole burrows for information hoping to go undetected. 2. The building where a financial institution offers services.3. A synonym for 'rely upon' (e.g. "I'm your friend, you can bank on me"). It is different, but related, as it derives from the theme of security initiated by 1. However: a river bank is a homonym to 1 and 2, as they do not share etymologies. It is a completely different meaning. River bed, though, is polysemous with the beds on which people sleep.2. A text reproduced and distributed (thus, someone who has read the same text on a computer has read the same book as someone who had the actual paper volume).3. To make an action or event a matter of record (e.g. "Unable to book a hotel room, a man sneaked into a nearby private residence where police arrested him and later booked him for unlawful entry.").
The verb milk (e.g. "he's milking it for all he can get") derives from the process of obtaining milk. type of construction equipment.3.

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Hyperbole

                                   

                                     Semantic 

By   : Novita sari  ( 1488203035 )

Class : IV. B

Lecturer : Budi Hamuddin M.ESL

                      “ H y p e r b o l e “

               

Definition of Hyperbole

     Hyperbole, derived from a Greek word meaning “over-casting” is a figure of speech, which involves anexaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis.

    It is a device that we employ in our day-to-day speech. For instance, when you meet a friend after a long time, you say, “Ages have passed since I last saw you”. You may not have met him for three or four hours or a day, but the use of the word “ages” exaggerates this statement to add emphasis to your wait.  Therefore, a hyperbole is an unreal exaggeration to emphasize the real situation. Some other common Hyperbole examples are given below.

Common Examples of Hyperbole

         •           My grandmother is as old as the hills.

         •           Your suitcase weighs a ton!

         •           She is as heavy as an elephant!

         •           I am dying of shame.

         •           I am trying to solve a million issues these days.

      It is important not to confuse hyperbole with simile and metaphor. It does make a comparison but unlikesimile and metaphor, hyperbole has a humorous effect created by an overstatement.

Let us see some examples from Classical English literature in which hyperbole was used successfully.

Hyperbole Examples from Literature

Example #1

     In American folk lore, Paul Bunyan’s stories are full of hyperboles. In one instance, he exaggerates winter by saying:

“Well now, one winter it was so cold that all the geese flew backward and all the fish moved south and even the snow turned blue. Late at night, it got so frigid that all spoken words froze solid afore they could be heard. People had to wait until sunup to find out what folks were talking about the night before.”

Freezing of the spoken words at night in winter and then warming up of the words in the warmth of the sun during the day are examples of hyperbole that have been effectively used by Paul Bunyan in this short excerpt.

Example #2

From William Shakespeare’s “Macbeth”, Act II, Scene II,

“Neptune’s ocean wash this blood

Clean from my hand? No. This my hand will rather

The multitudinous seas incarnadine,

Making the green one red.”

Macbeth, the tragic hero, feels the unbearable prick of his conscience after killing the king. He regrets his sin and believes that even the oceans of the greatest magnitude cannot wash the blood of the king off his hands. We can notice the effective use of hyperboles in the given lines.

Example #3

From W.H Auden’s poem “As I Walked One Evening”,

I’ll love you, dear, I’ll love you

Till China and Africa meet,

And the river jumps over the mountain

And the salmon sing in the street,

I’ll love you till the ocean

Is folded and hung up to dry

The use of hyperbole can be noticed in the above lines. The meeting of China and Africa, the jumping of the river over the mountain, singing of salmon in the street, and the ocean being folded and hung up to be dried are exaggerations not possible in real life.

Example #4

From “The Adventures of Pinocchio” written by C. Colloid,

“He cried all night, and dawn found him still there, though his tears had dried and only hard, dry sobs shook his wooden frame. But these were so loud that they could be heard by the faraway hills…”

The crying of Pinocchio all night until his tears became dry is an example of Hyperbole.

Example #5

From Joseph Conrad’s novel “The Heart of Darkness”,

“I had to wait in the station for ten days-an eternity.”

The wait of ten days seemed to last forever and never end.

Function of Hyperbole

The above arguments make clear the use of hyperbole. In our daily conversation, we use hyperbole to emphasize for an amusing effect. However, in literature it has very serious implications. By using hyperbole, a writer or a poet makes common human feelings remarkable and intense to such an extent that they do not remain ordinary. In literature, usage of hyperbole develops contrasts. When one thing is described with an over-statement and the other thing is presented normally, a striking contrast is developed. This technique is employed to catch the reader’s attention.

 What do you think about this picture..????? :D ...:D...:D...

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Metonymy and Synecdoche

Bismillahirrahmanirrahim.....

                                               ~   METONYMY AND SYNECDOCHE  ~



A ] DEFINITION 0F METONYMY


Metonymy is Figure of speech that replaces the name of thing with the name of something else with which it is closely associated.


EXAMPLE OF METONYMY


1.The  pen stands in for the written word.

2.The  sword stands in for military aggression and force.

3.Cup for a mug

4.The  library for the staff or the book.

5.Eyes for sight

6.Hand for help


FUNCTION OF METONYMY


Generally, metonymy is used in developing literary symbolism.It gives more profound meanings the otherwise common ideas and object.


B ] DEFINISI OF SYNECDOCHE


Snyecdote is a literary device in which a part of something represent the whole or it may use a whole to represent a part.


EXAMPLE OF SYNECDOT


1.The word bread refers to food or money as in writing is my bread and butter or sole breadwinner

2.The phrase gray beard refers to an old man

3.The word suits refers to businessmen

4.The  word boots usually refers to soldiers

5.The word glasses refers to spectacles

6.cop pers often refers to coins


FUNCTION OF SYNECDOCHE


By using synecdoche, the writers give otherwise common idea and object deeper meaning and thus draw readersattention.Furthermore, the use of synecdoche help writers to achieve brevity. Like any other literary device , synecdoche when used appropriately adds a distinct color to words making them appear vivid.


DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SYNECDOCHE AND METONYMY


Synecdoce examples are often misidentified as metonmy .both may resemble each other to some extant but they are not the same.synecdoche refers to the whole of a thing by the name of any one of parts.for example, calling a car wheels is a synecdoche because a part of car wheels stands for the whole car.

However in metonymy the word we used to describe another thing,but is not necessarily a part of it. For example crown that refers to power or authority is a metonymy used to replace the word king or queen.


REFFERENCE

literarydevices.net/metonymy/

http://literarydevices.net/synecdoche/

examples.yourdictionary.com/examples

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Collocations

                                                              Collocations



What is a collocation?

        A collocation is two or more words that often go together. These combinations just sound "right" to native English speakers, who use them all the time. On the other hand, other combinations may be unnatural and just sound "wrong".

Why learn collocations?

Your language will be more natural and more easily understood.
You will have alternative and richer ways of expressing yourself.
It is easier for our brains to remember and use language in chunks or blocks rather than as single words.
How to learn collocations
Be aware of collocations, and try to
recognize them when you see or hear them.
Treat collocations as single blocks of language. Think of them as individual blocks or chunks, and learn strongly support , not strongly + support.
When you learn a new word, write down other words that collocate with it (remember rightly, remember distinctly , remember vaguely, remember vividly).
Read as much as possible. Reading is an excellent way to learn vocabulary and collocations in context and naturally.
Revise what you learn regularly. Practise using new collocations in context as soon as possible after learning them.
Learn collocations in groups that work for you. You could learn them by topic (time, number, weather, money, family) or by a particular
word (take action , take a chance , take an exam ).
You can find information on collocations in any good learner's dictionary. And you can also find specialized dictionaries of collocations.

Types of collocation

     There are several different types of collocation made from combinations of verb, noun, adjective etc. Some of the most common types are:
adverb + adjective: completely satisfied (NOT downright satisfied)
adjective + noun: excruciating pain (NOT excruciating joy)
noun + noun: a surge of anger (NOT a rush of anger)
noun + verb: lions roar (NOT lions
shout )
verb + noun: commit suicide (NOT
undertake suicide)
verb + expression with preposition: burst into tears (NOT blow up in tears)
verb + adverb: wave frantically (NOT wave feverishly


Reference :
https://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/collocations.htm

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