Synonym, Antonym and Hyponym

1. SYNONYM

Is the state or phenomenon in which the words that sound different, but have the same or identical meaning, as another word or phrase.
Examples:
small - little
big - large
mother and father - parents

2. ANTONYM

Is the state or phenomenon in which the words have the sense relation which involve the opposite of meaning.
Te word pairs of antonym can be divided into several types:
Implicitly Gradable Pairs
Examples:
big - small
good - bad
fast - slow
young - old
Complementary Pairs
Examples:
male - female
alive - dead
present - absent
awake - asleep
Relational Pairs
Examples:
buy - sell
push - pull
command - serve
give - take
teach - learn
master - servant
teacher - pupil
doctor . patient

3. HYPONYM

Is the state or phenomenon that shows the relationship between more general term, ( lexical representation) and the more specific instances for it.
Examples:
The lexical representation of:
red, yellow, green, blue, purple, black is ( color ).
Thus we can say that: " red " is a hyponym of " color " and so on.
Examples:
clarinet, guitar, piano, trumpet, violin, are hyponyms because they are " musical instruments " but there is not a single word

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Simile

Definition

A simile is a figure of speech in which two fundamentally unlike things are explicitly compared, usually in a phrase introduced by like or as.
"The simile sets two ideas side by side," said F.L. Lucas. "[I]n the metaphorthey become superimposed" (Style).(The differences between similes and metaphors are considered in the observations below.)
In everyday conversations as well as in writing and formal speeches, we use similes to clarify ideas, create memorable images, and emphasize key points. "In argument," wrote poet Matthew Prior, "similes are like songs in love: / They much describe; they nothing prove" ("Alma").

• Our soldiers are as brave as lions.
• Her cheeks are red like a rose.
• He is as funny as a monkey.
• The water well was as dry as a bone.
• He is as cunning as a fox.

Simile inputs vividness into what we say. Authors and poets utilize comparisons to convey their sentiments and thoughts through vivid word pictures like a simile.

Simile Examples in Literature

Example #1

Written by Joseph Conrad,

 “I would have given anything for the power to soothe her frail soul, tormenting itself in its invincible ignorance like a small bird beating about the cruel wires of a cage.”

The lines have been taken from Lord Jim. The helplessness of the soul is being compared with a bird in a cage beating itself against the merciless wires of the cage, to be free.

Example #2

In her novel To the Lighthouse, Virginia Woolf compares the velocity of her thoughts about the two men with that of spoken words.

 “. . . impressions poured in upon her of those two men, and to follow her thought was like following a voice which speaks too quickly to be taken down by one’s pencil . . .”

She says both are difficult to follow and cannot be copied in words by a pencil.

Example #3

Taken from a short story Lolita written by Vladimir Nabokov,

 “Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of Pisa.”

This simile produces a humorous effect by comparing old women leaning on walking sticks with the ancient leaning tower of Pisa.

Function of Simile

From the above discussion, we can infer the function of similes both in our everyday life as well as in literature. Using similes attracts the attention and appeals directly to the senses of listeners or readers encouraging their imagination to comprehend what is being communicated. In addition, it inspires life-like quality in our daily talks and in the characters of fiction or poetry. Simile allows readers to relate the feelings of a writer or a poet to their personal experiences. Therefore, the use of similes makes it easier for the readers to understand the subject matter of a literary text, which may have been otherwise too demanding to be comprehended. Like metaphors, similes also offer variety in our ways of thinking and offers new perspectives of viewing the world.

refrence by:

http://literarydevices.net/simile/

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Denotation, connatation and Implication

Denotation, Connotation and Implication

       Denotation is a word's literal meaning. For example, were Juliet to look up the word 'rose' in the dictionary, she would find something like, 'a bush or shrub that produces flowers, usually red, pink, white or yellow in color.' Similarly, street names, like Sistrunk Boulevard or Northeast Sixth Street, tell people where they are and help them get to where they want to go.

      On the other hand, connotation is a word's underlying meanings; it is all the stuff we associate with a word. So, while a rose is indeed a type of flower, we also associate roses with romantic love, beauty and even special days, like Valentine's Day or anniversaries. Connotations go beyond the literal to what we think and feel when we hear or see a word.
So, while Sistrunk Boulevard tells people in Fort Lauderdale where they are (denotation), the name also makes some people feel pride because it honors a well-regarded local figure in the black community (connotation). Others see the name Sistrunk as having negative connotations because of its history of blight and crime. For some in the community, that which we call a rose, by any other name does not smell as sweet.
Examples from Literature
Notice earlier when I said that the two neighborhoods in Fort Lauderdale were divided by railroad tracks? 'The other side of the tracks' is a phrase with both denotative and connotative meanings. The phrase denotes something benign - that you are crossing railroad tracks - but can also have deep cultural and socio-economic connotations.
Railroad tracks often separate more well-off neighborhoods from other less-prosperous neighborhoods. In communities like Fort Lauderdale, the 'other side of the tracks' or the 'wrong side of the tracks' has negative connotations as rundown or unsafe. And, like Sistrunk, these tracks frequently separate one racial group from another, so the phrase can have racial implications as well.
Authors, and poets in particular, choose their words carefully, using connotations as a shorthand to say a lot all at once and give a work of literature an added layer (or layers) of meaning. Take this excerpt from the poem Mending Wall by American poet Robert Frost:
'And on a day we meet to walk the line
And set the wall between us once again.
We keep the wall between us as we go.'
In the poem, the speaker and a neighbor meet to repair their shared stone fence, but the word choice and the connotations those words have, gives the poem meaning beyond the literal. 'Walk the line' denotes the 'practice of walking along and securing a property line,' as both owners do in the poem. However, 'walk the line' also means 'following the rules and doing what is socially accepted. Both men do what they are supposed to do, setting the wall between them.

http://www.google.co.id/url?q=http://www.enotes.com/homework-help/explain-difference-between-denotation-connotation-

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Metaphor

                                                          METAPHOR




       Metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden
comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics.

     In simple English, when you portray a person, place, thing, or an action as being something else, even though it is not actually that “something else,” you are speaking metaphorically. “He is the black sheep of the family” is a metaphor because he is not a sheep and is not even black. However, we can use this comparison to describe an association of a black sheep with that person. A black sheep is an unusual animal and typically stays away from the herd, and the person you are describing shares similar characteristics.

     Furthermore, a metaphor develops a comparison which is different from a
simile i.e. we do not use “like” or “as” to develop a comparison in a metaphor. It actually makes an implicit or hidden comparison and not an explicit one.
Common Speech Examples of Metaphors
    Most of us think of a metaphor as a device used in songs or poems only, and that it has nothing to do with our everyday life. In fact, all of us in our routine life speak, write and think in metaphors. We cannot avoid them. Metaphors are sometimes constructed through our common language. They are called conventional metaphors. Calling a person a “night owl” or an “early bird” or saying “life is a journey” are common conventional metaphor examples commonly heard and understood by most of us. Below are some more conventional metaphors we often hear in our daily life:
My brother was boiling mad. (This implies he was too angry.)
The assignment was a breeze . (This implies that the assignment was not difficult.)
It is going to be clear skies from now on. (This implies that clear skies are not a threat and life is going to be without hardships)

     The skies of his future began to darken. (Darkness is a threat; therefore, this implies that the coming times are going to be hard for him.)
Her voice is music to his ears . (This implies that her voice makes him feel happy)
Literary Metaphor Examples

    Metaphors are used in all type of literature but not often to the degree they are used in poetry because poems are meant to communicate complex images and feelings to the readers and metaphors often state the comparisons most emotively. Here are some examples of metaphor from famous poems.

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Summary Ambiguity

What is Ambiguity..??

      Ambiguity is a type of uncertainty of meaning in which several interpretations are plausible. It is an attribute of any idea or statement whose intended meaning cannot be definitively resolved according to a rule or process with a finite number of steps.
Sir John Tenniel's illustration of the Caterpillar for Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is noted for its ambiguous central figure, whose head can be viewed as being a human male's face with a pointed nose and pointy chin or being the head end of an actual caterpillar , with the first two right "true" legs visible.

* Common Ambiguity Examples
Below are some common examples of ambiguity:

A good life depends on a liver – Liver may be an organ or simply a living person.

Foreigners are hunting dogs – It is unclear whether dogs were being hunted or foreigners are being spoken of as dogs.

Each of us saw her duck – It is not clear whether the word “duck” refers to an action of ducking or a duck that is a bird.

The passerby helps dog bite victim – Is the passerby helping a dog bite someone? Or is he helping a person bitten by a dog? It’s not clear.

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Summary symbol and Reference

summary Semantic

Jumat, 11 Maret 2016

semantics assignment

     THE NATURE OF SYMBOLS AND REFERENTS Ok, so there are some important things to know about symbols and referents.
     1.) DEFINITION OF SYMBOL AND REFERENT The first is, that a symbol is an object that is being used by someone or something to refer to another object called the referent.
     For example, in a book, you have the word cow, and the word cow is then used to refer to some real cow out in the real world.
     Or you have a picture of a cow in a book, and its a picture of a cow named Daisey, with black and white spots, who lived on a particular farm, at a particular time, and here is this complete picture of Daisey.
     The picture is an object, and the ink on the paper is an object, and the picture is made of paper which is an object, and this compound object is being used to refer to the actual cow that existed in the real world.
     The referent also is an object, it too exists in the real world, just as the symbol does.
     Obviously, that's where milk comes from. Moooo! 2.) SYMBOLS AND REFERENTS ARE TWO DIFFERENT OBJECTS
     So the second most important thing to know about symbols and referents is that they are two different objects.
     And because they are two different objects they have two different quality sets, each one describing the object that the quality set belongs to.
     For example the picture of the cow is made of paper, made with ink, made with a photographic process, is basically two dimensional and exists in a book.
     That's a symbol, it has qualities and it is an object which exists.
     The referent is a real cow, its made out of skin and bones and blood and teeth and eats grass and goes moo!
     So you can see that that the two different objects have two different quality sets.

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Euphemism

Jumat, 18 Maret 2016

Assignment Semantic "Euphemism"

What is Euphemism ??

Euphemism is an idiomatic expression which loses its literal meanings and refers to something else in order to hide its unpleasantness.

For example, “kick the bucket” is a euphemism that describes the death of a person.

Euphemism depends largely on the social context of the speakers and writers where they feel the need to replace certain words which may prove embarrassing for particular listeners or readers in a particular situation.

"Techniques for Creating Euphemism"

         Euphemism masks a rude or impolite expression but conveys the concept clearly and politely. Several techniques are employed to create euphemism.
It may be in the form of abbreviations e.g. B.O. (body odor), W.C. (toilet) etc.
Foreign words may be used to replace an impolite expression e.g. faux (fake), or faux pas (foolish error) etc.
Sometimes, they are abstractions e.g. before I go (before I die).

       Euphemism is frequently used in everyday life. Let us look at some common euphemism examples:
You are becoming a little thin on top (bald).
Our teacher is in the family way (pregnant).
He is always tired and emotional (drunk).
We do not hire mentally challenged (stupid) people.
He is a special child (disabled or retarded).

"Examples of Euphemism in Literature"

Example #1
Examples of euphemism referring to sex are found in William Shakespeare ’s “ Othello” and “ Antony and Cleopatra ”. In “ Othello”, Act 1 Scene 1, Iago tells Brabantio:
“I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs.”

Example #2
John Donne in his poem “ The Flea ” employs euphemism. He says:
“Mark but this flea, and mark in this,
How little that which thou denies me is;
It suck’d me first, and now sucks thee,
And in this flea our two bloods mingled be.
Thou know’st that this cannot be said
A sin, nor shame, nor loss of maidenhead;
Yet this enjoys before it woo,
And pamper’d swells with one blood made of two;
And this, alas! is more than we would do.”
In order to persuade his beloved to sleep with him, the speaker in the poem tells her how a flea bit both of them and their blood got mixed in it. This is a euphemism.

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