Expert of CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis)

                                            Expert from Ruth Wodak.

                           Ruth wodak biography, she was born in London on 12 July 1950. She is a linguist Austria, chairman of the discourse in Lancaster university and professor of linguistics at the university Vienna. Research located primarily in Discourse Studies (DS) and in critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) , Ruth Wodak also a member of the editorial boards of numerous journals in linguistics, language and critical study of language and political journals. then Ruth Wodak also one section in the language and politics editor for the second edition of the Encyclopedia of language and linguistics. besides Ruth Wodak is the leader of the humanities and sciences social. On dated 6 February 2010, Ruth Wodak honorary doctorate by the university Orebro swedia.
                    One of the books I interested are made by professor Ruth Wodak is called "The Politics of Fear" was recently published therein ruth wodak focus on discourse, performance and right-wing politicians across argumentation Eropean. the ways particular, he describes the dependencies between politics and media in several case studies. Ruth Wodak currently also preparing a handbook of political discourse and the new edition of the method of critical discourse analysis (by Michael Mayer colleagues who have published October 2015).

                  Below are some of the achievements obtained by Ruth Wodak during the journey of life and career in the world of education that will be a motivation for us as follows:
1. The first is based on what I read on some articles which in 1996 was awarded Wittgensten wodak ruth, Austria highest science award.
2. He was also awarded a prize in the city of Vienna woman in 2006.
3. The next in March until July 2008, Ruth Wodak awarded Werstin Hesselgren, chairman of the Swedish parliament and stay in university Orebro, Sweden.
4. and also in 2013 and then, Ruth Wodak selected as academics from the british academy of social sciences.
5. and that is the last I read was Ruth Wodak Austria has been a Fulbright scholar at Stanford University.

That's some achievement by Ruth wodak professor, and also the titles achieved in academics in various universities in several countries. May could be a motivation for us as a student in the course discourse analysis to know more knowledgeable about discourse analysis and expert them as set out in this blog are challenged Ruth wodak expert, as well as his work in the elucidation of Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).

Moreever, two edited volumes are in press : Analysisng European Fascis : Fascis in text and talk ( co-edited with John , Routledge 2012) : Rightwi
Address  : Country Sounth
Phone     : +441524592437

Department of Linguistics and English Language Lancaster University. Lancaster LA1 4YL less.

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BRANCH OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

BRANCH OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

1.    Media discourse refers to interactions that take place through a broadcast plat form,whether spoken  or written, in which the discourse is oriented to a non-present reader,listener or viewer. Though the discourse is oriented towards these  recipients, they very often cannot make Instantaneous responses to the producer(s)  of the discourse, though increasingly this is changing with the advent of new  media technology, as we  shall explore. Crucially, the written or spoken discourse itself is oriented to there a dership or listening/viewing audience, respectively. In other words, media discourse is a public, manufactured, on-record, form of interaction. It is not ad hoc or spontaneous (in the same way as casual speaking or writing is); it is neither private nor off the record. Obvious as these basic  characteristics may sound,nthey are crucial to the investigation, description and understanding of media discourse.

2.      Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a branch of linguistics that seeks to understand how and why certain texts affect readers and hearers. Through the analysis of grammar, it aims to uncover the 'hidden ideologies' that can influence a reader or hearer's view of the world. Analysts have looked at a wide variety of spoken and written texts – political manifestos, advertising, rules and regulations – in an attempt to demonstrate how text producers use language (wittingly or not) in a way that could be ideologically significant.

3.      Discourse in social  In the late 1960-s significant shifts occurred in the conceptualisation of how meanings are constructed through the social use of language. The models developed as the result of this shift have the notion of discourse as their central category. Their common feature is the definition of discourse as a form of social practice. The new angle on the view of discourse challenged the structuralist concept of “language” as an abstract system (Saussure’s langue) and emphasized the process of making and using meanings within particular historical, social, and political conditions. At this level, then, the term discourse is employed to explain the conditions of language use within the social relations that structure them

www.discourses.org/.../What%20is%20Political%20Discourse

www.linguistics-journal.com/2014/01/09/corpus-linguistics-and-the-study-of-meaning-in-discourse/

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Discourse Analysis

                      DEFINITION OF DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

Assalamu’alaykum wr.wb...

        How are you All my friends on the blog's..I hope you'r very good and keep enjoy with the all activties in everyday...well our meet again at the blogger with the same face but different topic...this opportunity I wanna explanation about Discourse Analysis..yahh the interesting topic.. ^_^

1. In linguistics, discourse refers to a unit of languange longer than a single sentence.

2.  More broadly, discourse is the use of spoken or written language in a social context.

3. Discourse is the way in which language is used socially to convey broad historical meanings. It is language identified by the social conditions of its use, by who is using it and under what conditions. Language can never be 'neutral' because it bridges our personal and social worlds.

4. Analysis is The process of separating something into its constituent elements.‘the procedure is often more accurately described as one of synthesis rather than analysis’Often contrasted with synthesis 

5. Analysis is The identification and measurement of the chemical constituents of a substance or specimen.‘samples are sent to the laboratory for analysis’[count noun] ‘analyses of the rocks are consistent with a basaltic composition’

6. Discourse analysis do what people in their everyday experience of language do instinctively and largely unconsciously: notice patterning of language in use and the circumstances (participants, situations, purposes, outcomes) with which these are typically associated.

7. Discourse Analysis much of the work, but not by any means all. A great deal of discourse analysis is done by linguists who would not call themselves applied and much by scholars in other disciplines – sociology, psychology, psychotherapy, for example : who would not call themselves linguists. Discourse analysis part of applied linguistics but does not belong exclusively to it; it is a multi -disciplinary field, and hugely diverse in the range of its interests.

8. Discourse analysis For many the interest in discourse is beyond language in use (Jaworski & Coupland, 1999, p. 3) to “language use relative to social, political and cultural formations.language reflecting social order but also language shaping social order, and shaping individuals’ interaction with society.

9. Discourse analysis Jaworski and Coupland (1999, pp. 3–6) explain why so many areas of academic study have become so gripped by enthusiasm for discourse analysis in terms, firstly, of a shift in epistemology, “a falling off of intellectual security in what we know and what it means to know.The question of  how we build knowledge has come to the fore, and this is where issues to do with language and linguistic representation come into focus.

10. Discourse analysis figures prominently in areas of applied linguistics related to language and education. These include both language as a means of education and language as a goal of education, and both first language education and second language education.

11.Discourse is generally used to designate the form of representation, codes, convention and habits of languange that produce specific field of culturally and historically located meaning.

12.discourse (from Latin discourse, "running to and from") denotes written and spoken communications such as : 

- In semantic and discourse analysis

-the totality of codified languange (vocabulary)used in a given field of intelectual enquiry and of social practice 

13. Discourse is a body of text meant to communicate specific data, information and knowledge 

14.Discourse analysis do what people in their everyday experience of language do instinctively and largely unconsciously: notice patternings of language in use and the circumstances (participants, situations, purposes, outcomes) with which these are typically associated.

15. Discourse analysis figures prominently in areas of applied linguistics related to language and education

Thank U....

http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/linguisticsterm.htm

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/synthesis

 

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Idiom

                                                                         Idiom

        An idiom is a word or phrase which means something different from its literal meaning. Idioms are common phrases or terms whose meaning is not real, but can be understood by their popular use.

Because idioms can mean something different from what the words mean it is difficult for someone not very good at speaking the language to use them properly. Some idioms are only used by some groups of people or at certain times. The idiom shape up or ship out, which is like saying improve your behavior or leave if you don't, might be said by an employer or supervisor to an employee, but not to other people.

Idioms are not the same thing as slang. Idioms are made of normal words that have a special meaning known by almost everyone. Slang is usually special words that are known only by a particular group of people

Examples of idioms and idiomatic usage

Idiom: He really went to town on that issue.
Idiomatic usage: He not only went, he apparently hasn't come back yet.

Idiom: That was a curly question.
Idiomatic usage: Yes, so curly it was a learning curve of itself.

Idiom: He's true blue.
Idiomatic usage: Yeah, red and white, too.

Idiom: Now is the winter of our discontent
Idiomatic usage: When are you expecting glorious summer?

Functions of Idioms

       People use idioms to make their language richer and more colorful and to convey subtle shades of meaning or intention. Idioms are used often to replace a literal word or expression, and many times the idiom better describes the full nuance of meaning. Idioms and idiomatic expressions can be more precise than the literal words, often using fewer words but saying more. For example, the expression it runs in the family is shorter and more succinct than saying that a physical or personality trait 'is fairly common throughout one's extended family and over a number of generations.

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Proverb

Proverb

A proverb (from Latin: proverbium) is a simple and concrete saying, popularly known and repeated, that expresses a truth based on common sense or experience. They are often metaphorical. A proverb that describes a basic rule of conduct may also be known as a maxim. Proverbs fall into the category of formulaic language.

Proverbs are often borrowed from similar languages and cultures, and sometimes come down to the present through more than one language. Both the Bible (including, but not limited to the Book of  Proverbs) and medieval Latin (aided by the work of Erasmus) have played a considerable role in distributing proverbs across Europe. Mieder  has concluded that cultures that treat the Bible as their "major spiritual book contain between three hundred and five hundred proverbs that stem from the Bible. However, almost every culture has examples of its own unique proverbs

Example :

·         Haste makes waste

·         A stitch in time saves nine

·         Ignorance is bliss

·         Mustn't cry over spilled milk.

·         You can catch more flies with honey than you can with vinegar.

·         You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink.

·         Those who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones.

·         A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

·         Fortune favours the bold

·         Well begun is half done.

·         A little learning is a dangerous thing

·         A rolling stone gathers no moss.

·         It ain't over till the fat lady sings

·         It is better to be smarter than you appear than to appear smarter than you are.

·         Good things come to those who wait.

·         A poor workman blames his tools.

·         A dog is a man's best friend.

·         An apple a day keeps the doctor away

·         If the shoe fits, wear it!

·         Honesty is the best policy

·         Slow and steady wins the race

·         Don't count your chickens before they hatch

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Homonymy, Homophones and Homographs

Homonymy, Homophones and Homographs

1.homonym

A homonym is a word that is said or spelled the same way as another word but has a different meaning. "Write” and “right” is a good example of a pair of  homonyms. Continue reading...

2.homophone

A homophone is a word that sounds the same as another word but has a different meaning and/or spelling. “Flower” and “flour” are homophones because they are pronounced the same but you certainly can’t bake a cake using daffodils.

3.homograph

Use the noun homograph to talk about two words that are spelled the same but have different meanings and are pronounced differently — like "sow," meaning female pig, and "sow," to plant seeds. Continue reading...

Homonyms, homophones and homographs can bring confusion to even adults and teachers! Vocabulary Spelling City can help anyone master these word groups. For clarity, we've brought them all together on one page. It makes it easier to learn the difference among the three types of words using the definitions and homonyms, homophones and homographs examples below

Homonyms	Homophones	Homographs
Multiple meaning words	Words that sound alike	Same spelling, different pronunciation, different meanings
the spruce tree...  to spruce up...	addition for math  edition of a book	desert = abandon  desert = area of land
suit yourself...  wore a suit...	I want to go  I like it too  One plus one is two	bass = fish  bass = instrument
weigh on the scale...  scale the wall...	capitol building  state capital	close = nearby  close = to shut
the price is fair...  go to the fair...	pick a flower  bake with flour	bow = to bend down  bow = ribbon

1.      Homonyms

Homonyms, or multiple meaning words, are words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings. For example, bear.

·         A bear (the animal) can bear (tolerate) very cold temperatures.

·         The driver turned left (opposite of right) and left (departed from) the main road.

Homophones, also known as sound-alike words, are words that are pronounced identically although they have different meanings and often have different spellings as well. These words are a very common source of confusion when writing. Common examples of sets of homophones include: to, too, and two; they're and their; bee and be; sun and son; which and witch; and plain and plane. Vocabulary Spelling City is a particularly useful tool for learning to correctly use and spell the sound alike words.

2.      Homophone

A homophone is one of two or more words that are pronounced the same but differ in their meaning, origin, or spelling. The difference between homographs and homophones is that homophones must be pronounced alike. They don’t need to be spelled alike; in fact, many of them are not. But they need to be pronounced the same.

There are many many examples of homophones. Some are new and knew, carat and caret, complement and compliment, to, too, and two, there, their, and they’re, etc.

To sum up.

• Homonyms can refer to both homographs and homophones.
• Homographs are words that are spelled alike but not always pronounced the same.
• Homophones are words that are pronounced alike but not always spelled the same.

3. Homographs

Homographs are words that are spelled the same, but have different meanings and are often pronounced differently as well. Some examples of homographs are:

·         bass as in fish vs bass as in music

·         bow as in arrow vs bow as in bending or taking a bow at the end of a performance

·         close as in next to vs close as in shut the door

·         desert as in dry climate vs desert as in leaving alone.

Currently, Vocabulary Spelling City cannot distinguish between homographs, as we are unable to have two pronounciations for the exact same word. We are looking for possibilities in the future.

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Polysemy

Polysemy

What is Polysemy ?
     
      Polysemy is the association of one word with two or more distinct meanings.

A polyseme is a word or phrase with multiple meanings.

Adjective: polysemous or polysemic.


In contrast, a one-to-one match between a word and a meaning is called monosemy.

Homonymy is the relation between words with identical forms but different meanings that is, the condition of being homonyms. A stock example is the word bank as it appears in "river bank" and "savings bank."


Homonymy and polysemy both involve one lexical form that is associated with multiple senses and as such both are possible sources of lexical ambiguity. But while homonyms are distinct lexemes that happen to share the same form, in polysemy a single lexeme is associated with multiple senses. The distinction between homonymy and polysemy is usually made on the basis of the relatedness of the senses: polysemy involves related senses, whereas the senses associated with homonymous lexemes are not related.


Examples of polysemy:


Man

1. The human species (i.e., man vs. animal).

2. Males of the human species ( i.e., man vs. woman).

3. Adult males of the human species (i.e., man vs. woman).

This example shows the specific polysemy where the same word is used at different levels of a taxonomy. Example 1 contains 2, and 2 contains 3.

Mole 1. A small burrowing mammal.
2. Consequently, there are several different entities called moles. Although these refer to different      things, there names derive from 1. :e.g. A mole burrows for information hoping to go undetected. 2. The building where a financial institution offers services.3. A synonym for 'rely upon' (e.g. "I'm your friend, you can bank on me"). It is different, but related, as it derives from the theme of security initiated by 1. However: a river bank is a homonym to 1 and 2, as they do not share etymologies. It is a completely different meaning. River bed, though, is polysemous with the beds on which people sleep.2. A text reproduced and distributed (thus, someone who has read the same text on a computer has read the same book as someone who had the actual paper volume).3. To make an action or event a matter of record (e.g. "Unable to book a hotel room, a man sneaked into a nearby private residence where police arrested him and later booked him for unlawful entry.").
The verb milk (e.g. "he's milking it for all he can get") derives from the process of obtaining milk. type of construction equipment.3.

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